Grammar · C1
Word formation: Stadtklima, entsiegeln, Machbarkeit
German builds long words from short parts you already know. Once you know how compounds, prefixes and suffixes work, you can guess most new words: Stadtklima, entsiegeln, Machbarkeit.
Compounds: the last part decides
German joins words into one: die Stadt + das Klima → das Stadtklima. The last part decides two things: what the word means and which article it takes. Das Stadtklima is a kind of climate, so it is neuter like das Klima. Der Arbeitsplatz is a place, die Arbeitszeit is a time. So read a long word from the back: das Langzeitgedächtnis is a memory, one that keeps things for a long time.
Between the parts there is often a linking letter. It has no meaning and only makes the word easier to say. After -ung, -heit, -keit, -schaft, -ion and -tät there is always an s: die Wohnungstür, die Universitätsbibliothek. Feminine nouns on -e often add n (die Straßenbahn), nouns like der Student add en (der Studentenausweis), and sometimes the -e simply falls away: die Sprache → der Sprachkurs.
Many compounds have no linking letter at all (das Stadtklima, der Fahrradweg), and for the rest you learn the word. The good news: the linking letter never changes the meaning, so it never stops you from understanding.
| Word | Parts |
|---|---|
| das Stadtklima | die Stadt + das Klima |
| die Arbeitszeit | die Arbeit + s + die Zeit |
| die Straßenbahn | die Straße + n + die Bahn |
| der Studentenausweis | der Student + en + der Ausweis |
| der Sprachkurs | die Sprach(e) + der Kurs |
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Im Sommer entstehen in der Innenstadt Hitzeinseln, weil kaum Bäume Schatten spenden.
In summer, heat islands form in the city centre because hardly any trees give shade.
The tinted words form a set phrase: Schatten spenden
Prefixes: un-, miss-, ver-, zer-, ent-, be-
A prefix changes the meaning in a way you can learn. un- before an adjective or a noun says the opposite: unklar, unbekannt, die Unruhe. miss- says that something goes wrong: missverstehen, misslingen, das Missverständnis.
The verb prefixes are less regular, but each has a typical meaning. zer- breaks something into pieces: zerbrechen, zerstören. ent- takes something away or starts something: entsiegeln (to take the asphalt off the ground), entkalken, entstehen. ver- often says that something goes wrong (verschlafen, sich verfahren, verwechseln) or that something changes (verbessern, vergrößern). be- gives a verb an accusative object: auf eine Frage antworten → eine Frage beantworten. It also makes verbs from adjectives: grün → ein Dach begrünen.
These verb prefixes are never separable, and their participle has no ge-: ich verstehe, ich habe verstanden. That helps you recognise them in a text.
| Prefix | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| un- | Opposite | unklar, die Unruhe |
| miss- | gone wrong | missverstehen, misslingen |
| zer- | into pieces | zerbrechen, zerstören |
| ent- | away; a beginning | entsiegeln, entstehen |
| ver- | wrong; a change | verschlafen, verbessern |
| be- | with an accusative object | beantworten, begrünen |
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Kalle wünscht sich, dass mehr Parkplätze entsiegelt und mehr Dächer begrünt werden.
Kalle would like more car parks to be unpaved and more roofs to be planted with greenery.
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Das Missverständnis war schnell geklärt: Frida hatte die beiden Liefertermine einfach verwechselt.
The misunderstanding was soon cleared up: Frida had simply mixed up the two delivery dates.
Adjectives: -bar, -los, -haft, -lich, -ig, -isch
The ending of an adjective often tells you its meaning. -bar says that something can be done: machbar, lesbar (you know it from B2). -los means without: kostenlos, sprachlos, fehlerlos. -haft means like or having: meisterhaft (like a master), fehlerhaft (with mistakes). So fehlerlos and fehlerhaft are opposites.
-lich and -ig both turn nouns into adjectives: freundlich, ärgerlich; sonnig, schattig. With words for time they mean different things: -ig says how long (eine dreistündige Prüfung), -lich says how often (Der Bus fährt stündlich).
-isch is for origins and subjects (städtisch, ethisch, kritisch). With people it often sounds negative: kindlich means like a child in a good way, kindisch means childish.
| Suffix | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| -bar | can be done | machbar, lesbar |
| -los | without | kostenlos, fehlerlos |
| -haft | like, with | meisterhaft, fehlerhaft |
| -lich | A quality; how often | freundlich, stündlich |
| -ig | A quality; how long | schattig, dreistündig |
| -isch | Origin, field; often negative | städtisch, kindisch |
Nouns, and taking a new word apart
Nouns with -heit, -keit, -ung and -schaft are always feminine: die Freiheit, die Machbarkeit, die Begrünung, die Freundschaft. You know the first three from the B2 lesson on nominal style. -schaft names a group or a relationship: die Leserschaft (all the readers), die Nachbarschaft, die Freundschaft.
Now put it all together. When you meet a long new word, take it apart from the back. die Versiegelung = ver- + Siegel + -ung: the ground is covered with asphalt. die Kritikfähigkeit = Kritik + fähig + -keit: being able to take criticism. unverzichtbar = un- + verzichten + -bar: something you can't do without.
You will be right most of the time. Some words have moved away from their parts, though: bekommen means to get, not to become, and die Wirtschaft is the economy, but also a pub. When the meaning you guessed seems strange, look the word up.
| New word | Parts | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| die Versiegelung | ver- + Siegel + -ung | Soil under asphalt |
| die Kritikfähigkeit | Kritik + fähig + -keit | being able to handle criticism well |
| unverzichtbar | un- + verzichten + -bar | you can't do without it |
| die Leserschaft | Leser + -schaft | all the readers |
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Für Emil ist Kritikfähigkeit inzwischen genauso wichtig wie Schnelligkeit auf dem Fahrrad.
For Emil, being able to take criticism is now just as important as being fast on the bike.
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Ottis Kolumne in der Lokalzeitung hat inzwischen eine treue Leserschaft in ganz Prenzlauer Berg.
Otti's column in the local paper now has loyal readers all over Prenzlauer Berg.
Fill the Gaps
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___ Stadtklima in Berlin hat sich in den letzten zwanzig Jahren deutlich verändert.
The urban climate in Berlin has changed noticeably over the last twenty years.
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Lotte sucht in der ___ nach Literatur für ihr Exposé.
Lotte is looking for literature for her research proposal in the university library.
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Beim Umzug ist Ottis alte Vase leider in tausend Stücke ___.
Unfortunately Otti's old vase broke into a thousand pieces during the move.
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Tut mir leid, das war ein ___: Ich hatte Dienstag statt Donnerstag verstanden.
Sorry, that was a misunderstanding: I had heard Tuesday instead of Thursday.
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Kannst du meine Frage zum Liefertermin bitte noch heute ___?
Could you answer my question about the delivery date today, please?
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Otti hat morgen eine ___ Prüfung und ist schon ziemlich nervös.
Otti has a three-hour exam tomorrow and is already quite nervous.
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Bruno ist erleichtert: Das Manuskript seines Kochbuchs kam fast ___ aus dem Lektorat zurück.
Bruno is relieved: the manuscript of his cookbook came back from the editors almost free of mistakes.
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Emil, hör auf, so ___ zu sein, wir finden doch eine Lösung!
Emil, stop being so childish, we'll find a solution!
You meet it in: Kalle and the trees of the city, Emil learns to take criticism, Otti and the subtleties of German, Frida and the smart city, Otti reads about the psychology of learning, Frau Hilde brings the generations together, Bruno and food culture, Emil and the history of Berlin's streets