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Grammar · C1

Word formation: Stadtklima, entsiegeln, Machbarkeit

German builds long words from short parts you already know. Once you know how compounds, prefixes and suffixes work, you can guess most new words: Stadtklima, entsiegeln, Machbarkeit.

Compounds: the last part decides

German joins words into one: die Stadt + das Klima → das Stadtklima. The last part decides two things: what the word means and which article it takes. Das Stadtklima is a kind of climate, so it is neuter like das Klima. Der Arbeitsplatz is a place, die Arbeitszeit is a time. So read a long word from the back: das Langzeitgedächtnis is a memory, one that keeps things for a long time.

Between the parts there is often a linking letter. It has no meaning and only makes the word easier to say. After -ung, -heit, -keit, -schaft, -ion and -tät there is always an s: die Wohnungstür, die Universitätsbibliothek. Feminine nouns on -e often add n (die Straßenbahn), nouns like der Student add en (der Studentenausweis), and sometimes the -e simply falls away: die Sprache → der Sprachkurs.

Many compounds have no linking letter at all (das Stadtklima, der Fahrradweg), and for the rest you learn the word. The good news: the linking letter never changes the meaning, so it never stops you from understanding.

WordParts
das Stadtklimadie Stadt + das Klima
die Arbeitszeitdie Arbeit + s + die Zeit
die Straßenbahndie Straße + n + die Bahn
der Studentenausweisder Student + en + der Ausweis
der Sprachkursdie Sprach(e) + der Kurs

Prefixes: un-, miss-, ver-, zer-, ent-, be-

A prefix changes the meaning in a way you can learn. un- before an adjective or a noun says the opposite: unklar, unbekannt, die Unruhe. miss- says that something goes wrong: missverstehen, misslingen, das Missverständnis.

The verb prefixes are less regular, but each has a typical meaning. zer- breaks something into pieces: zerbrechen, zerstören. ent- takes something away or starts something: entsiegeln (to take the asphalt off the ground), entkalken, entstehen. ver- often says that something goes wrong (verschlafen, sich verfahren, verwechseln) or that something changes (verbessern, vergrößern). be- gives a verb an accusative object: auf eine Frage antworten → eine Frage beantworten. It also makes verbs from adjectives: grün → ein Dach begrünen.

These verb prefixes are never separable, and their participle has no ge-: ich verstehe, ich habe verstanden. That helps you recognise them in a text.

PrefixMeaningExamples
un-Oppositeunklar, die Unruhe
miss-gone wrongmissverstehen, misslingen
zer-into pieceszerbrechen, zerstören
ent-away; a beginningentsiegeln, entstehen
ver-wrong; a changeverschlafen, verbessern
be-with an accusative objectbeantworten, begrünen

Adjectives: -bar, -los, -haft, -lich, -ig, -isch

The ending of an adjective often tells you its meaning. -bar says that something can be done: machbar, lesbar (you know it from B2). -los means without: kostenlos, sprachlos, fehlerlos. -haft means like or having: meisterhaft (like a master), fehlerhaft (with mistakes). So fehlerlos and fehlerhaft are opposites.

-lich and -ig both turn nouns into adjectives: freundlich, ärgerlich; sonnig, schattig. With words for time they mean different things: -ig says how long (eine dreistündige Prüfung), -lich says how often (Der Bus fährt stündlich).

-isch is for origins and subjects (städtisch, ethisch, kritisch). With people it often sounds negative: kindlich means like a child in a good way, kindisch means childish.

SuffixMeaningExamples
-barcan be donemachbar, lesbar
-loswithoutkostenlos, fehlerlos
-haftlike, withmeisterhaft, fehlerhaft
-lichA quality; how oftenfreundlich, stündlich
-igA quality; how longschattig, dreistündig
-ischOrigin, field; often negativestädtisch, kindisch

Nouns, and taking a new word apart

Nouns with -heit, -keit, -ung and -schaft are always feminine: die Freiheit, die Machbarkeit, die Begrünung, die Freundschaft. You know the first three from the B2 lesson on nominal style. -schaft names a group or a relationship: die Leserschaft (all the readers), die Nachbarschaft, die Freundschaft.

Now put it all together. When you meet a long new word, take it apart from the back. die Versiegelung = ver- + Siegel + -ung: the ground is covered with asphalt. die Kritikfähigkeit = Kritik + fähig + -keit: being able to take criticism. unverzichtbar = un- + verzichten + -bar: something you can't do without.

You will be right most of the time. Some words have moved away from their parts, though: bekommen means to get, not to become, and die Wirtschaft is the economy, but also a pub. When the meaning you guessed seems strange, look the word up.

New wordPartsMeaning
die Versiegelungver- + Siegel + -ungSoil under asphalt
die KritikfähigkeitKritik + fähig + -keitbeing able to handle criticism well
unverzichtbarun- + verzichten + -baryou can't do without it
die LeserschaftLeser + -schaftall the readers

Fill the Gaps

  1. ___ Stadtklima in Berlin hat sich in den letzten zwanzig Jahren deutlich verändert.

  2. Lotte sucht in der ___ nach Literatur für ihr Exposé.

  3. Beim Umzug ist Ottis alte Vase leider in tausend Stücke ___.

  4. Tut mir leid, das war ein ___: Ich hatte Dienstag statt Donnerstag verstanden.

  5. Kannst du meine Frage zum Liefertermin bitte noch heute ___?

  6. Otti hat morgen eine ___ Prüfung und ist schon ziemlich nervös.

  7. Bruno ist erleichtert: Das Manuskript seines Kochbuchs kam fast ___ aus dem Lektorat zurück.

  8. Emil, hör auf, so ___ zu sein, wir finden doch eine Lösung!

You meet it in: Kalle and the trees of the city, Emil learns to take criticism, Otti and the subtleties of German, Frida and the smart city, Otti reads about the psychology of learning, Frau Hilde brings the generations together, Bruno and food culture, Emil and the history of Berlin's streets

Next lesson · C1

Word order and emphasis: what comes first?

You know that the verb comes second. At C1 you choose what comes before it, what stays in the middle and what may follow the end of the sentence bracket, and that is how you decide what a sentence stresses.