Grammar · B1
Reasons and contrasts: weil, denn, deshalb, obwohl, trotzdem
German has several words for a reason and for a contrast. They mean much the same, but each puts the verb in another place: at the end, in second place or right after the word.
Weil, da and denn: the reason
You know weil from A2: the verb goes to the end. Da means the same and works the same way. It sounds a little more formal and often comes first: Da der Zug Verspätung hatte, kam ich zu spät.
Denn (because) gives a reason too, but it works like und or aber: it takes no place of its own, and the normal word order follows, with the verb in second place. Ich bleibe zu Hause, denn ich bin krank.
A sentence with denn always comes after the one it explains. And when someone asks Warum?, answer with weil: Weil ich arbeiten muss.
Deshalb, deswegen, darum: the result
Deshalb, deswegen and darum (that's why, so) look from the other side: first the reason, then the result. Es regnet, deshalb nehmen wir den Bus.
They are adverbs, words like heute or dann that take a place of their own. So they stand in place one, the verb comes right after them, and then the subject: deshalb nehmen wir, not deshalb wir nehmen.
All three mean the same. Choose the one you like best.
| Reason | Position 1 | Position 2 (verb) | Rest |
|---|---|---|---|
| Es regnet, | deshalb | nehmen | wir den Bus. |
| Ich bin müde, | deswegen | gehe | ich früh ins Bett. |
| Der Laden ist zu, | darum | kaufen | wir morgen ein. |
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Otti hat einen günstigeren Tarif gefunden, deshalb kündigt er seinen Handyvertrag.
Otti has found a cheaper plan, so he's cancelling his phone contract.
Obwohl and trotzdem: the contrast
Obwohl (although) brings in something that should stop the main sentence, but doesn't. It works like weil: the verb goes to the end. Kalle geht joggen, obwohl es regnet.
Trotzdem (still, anyway) is the partner of deshalb: an adverb in place one, then the verb. Es regnet, trotzdem geht Kalle joggen.
So with weil and deshalb, the result is what you expect. With obwohl and trotzdem, it is the opposite.
Word order at a glance
There are three groups. Weil, da and obwohl send the verb to the end. Denn takes no place, so the normal word order follows. Deshalb, deswegen, darum and trotzdem take place one themselves, so the verb comes right after them.
In everyday speech you hear weil and deshalb most often. Da sounds more formal and suits a letter.
| Word | Verb | Example |
|---|---|---|
| weil | at the end | Ich bleibe zu Hause, weil ich müde bin. |
| da | at the end | Da ich müde bin, bleibe ich zu Hause. |
| obwohl | at the end | Ich gehe aus, obwohl ich müde bin. |
| denn | in position 2 | Ich bleibe zu Hause, denn ich bin müde. |
| deshalb | right after it | Ich bin müde, deshalb bleibe ich zu Hause. |
| trotzdem | right after it | Ich bin müde, trotzdem gehe ich aus. |
Fill the Gaps
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Ich nehme heute ein Taxi, ___ ich habe schweres Gepäck.
I'm taking a taxi today, because I have heavy luggage.
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Der Bus hatte Verspätung, ___ kam Lotte zu spät ins Seminar.
The bus was late, so Lotte was late for her seminar.
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Kalle fährt mit dem Rad zur Arbeit, ___ es sehr kalt ist.
Kalle cycles to work although it's very cold.
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Frida war krank, trotzdem ___ zur Chorprobe.
Frida was ill, but she still went to choir practice.
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Wir bleiben heute zu Hause, ___ es den ganzen Tag regnet.
We're staying at home today because it's raining all day.
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Emil hat wenig Geld, ___ kauft er sich ein teures Handy.
Emil has little money, but he's buying himself an expensive phone anyway.
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___ das Wetter so schön war, aßen wir im Garten.
As the weather was so nice, we ate in the garden.
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Bruno ist gar nicht müde, ___ er die ganze Nacht gearbeitet hat.
Bruno isn't tired at all, although he worked all night.
You meet it in: Otti goes to a specialist, Kalle cares about the climate, Frida and Emil fall out, Emil joins a debate